Caesar’s lieutenants are meanwhile doing their own part in mopping up the last of Gallic resistance, with his most trusted subordinate Labienus punishing the Treveri for their role in the general rising. Fuuml;r den Latein- und Geschichtsunterricht. It has the connotation of farming expertise, being tied to the soil, as well as religious devotion, and possessing liberal education. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Since his forces had already been humiliated and defeated in previous engagements, he needed to report a success story to Rome that would lift the spirits of the people. Indeed, Caesar’s uncle Marius was referred to as the third founder of Rome (according to Plutarch) after Romulus and Camillus. Find top songs and albums by De Bello Gallico including Cargo (Italo Disco) [B Side], Tremenda (A Side) and more. Commentarii de bello Gallico (Записи о галском рату) је мемоарски спис римског војсковође Гаја Јулија Цезара.. Главни је извор за Цезарове војне походе у Галији (од 58. до 51/50. [2] Another difficult translation. The Helveti also give Caesar hostages to ensure that the Helveti keep their promises (1.14). New York: Basic Books, 1996. He depicts the Germans as primitive hunter gatherers with diets mostly consisting of meat and dairy products who only celebrate earthly gods such as the sun, fire, and the moon (6.21–22). Caesars Bericht über den Gallischen Krieg gehört zu den Klassikern der lateinischen Literatur. Roman-Gallic relations had been strained, to say the least, ever since the Gauls sacked Rome in 390 B.C. The work has been a mainstay in Latin instruction because of its simple, direct prose. He was no Sulla or Marius—his “nature” was inclined toward mercy, according to Hirtius. Bateman, Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, trans- … Download. Caesar observes that although the Gauls in particular desire “new things,” it is the case that “all men long for freedom by nature and despise the condition of servitude,” a rare general observation that he makes in conjunction with the Veneti. Textauswahl und verschiedene Zugaben The number at the left of the dicitonary entries indicates the numer of Caesar, in a gesture of Roman superiority and fearlessness, constructs a bridge and crosses the Rhine. The first is that the subjection of the Aedui and Sequanito foreign rule was an affront to honor of the Roman people. Julius Caesar. But whether or not modern commentators are correct in their assessments of Caesars’ ulterior purposes, their various theses do not tell us more about De bello Gallico than the words on the page. Napoleon Bonaparte and George Patton show the variety, but also a certain similarity, that obtains in men who admired and learned from Julius Caesar. [4] For example, Caesar writes that robberies committed outside of the state are legalized in hopes of teaching young people discipline and caution, an idea nearly offensive to the judicial practices of the Romans (ea iuventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant, 6.23). : C. Iulius Caesar, de bello Gallico : Texte mit Erlauterungen. Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul. Click anywhere in the line to jump to another position: 1543, Commentaria de bello Gallico ... [microform] [S.l. Roman citizenship was extended to Gauls, and in a surprisingly short amount of time, men of Gallic descent were holding positions of political authority within the Roman Empire. Aulus Hirtius indicates that the purpose of the commentaries was to provide historians with material, although he doubts that any historian would be superior to Caesar. If anything, it probably achieved the opposite. The remarkable defense at Alesia is a testament to the trust Caesar’s soldiers put in their general. But after World War II historians began to question if Caesar's claims stood up. Caesar spent a great amount of time in Gaul and his book is one of the best preserved accounts of the Druids from an author who was in Gaul. [citation needed]. Ambiorix parleys with the Roman commanders, Cotta and Sabinus, and lies, saying the whole of Gaul is in rebellion when it is not, and tells them that their best hope for safety is in marching out and linking up with other Roman garrisons. The first part of the difficulty is that, as noted above, the Gallic tribes, let alone the whole of Gaul, were not monolithic political communities—indeed it is not clear that it would be appropriate to call them “political” at all. Also in chapter 13, he mentions that the Druids studied "the stars and their movements, the size of the cosmos and the earth, the nature of the world, and the powers of immortal deities," signifying to the Roman people that the druids were also versed in astrology, cosmology, and theology. Among these, Diviciacus and Vercingetorix are notable for their contributions to the Gauls during war. Making this connection is not unique to Caesar, but as a Roman he had the benefit of being a citizen in a civilized polity that was remarkably prosperous—De bello Gallico is a product of cultus and humanitatatis. [5] Caesar provides his account of the Druids as a means of sharing his knowledge and educating the Roman people on the foreign conquests. Diviciacus had, in tears, begged Caesar to spare the life of his brother, and Caesar saw an opportunity to not only fix his major problem with Dumnorix, but also to strengthen the relationship between Rome and one of its small allies. Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo were two centurions in the garrison of Quintus Tullius Cicero, brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero, and are mentioned in Book 5.44 of De Bello Gallico. Caesar continues to show Roman power by crossing the English Channel and briefly invading Britain. Chapter 17 and 18 focuses on the divinities the Gauls believed in and Dis, the god which they claim they were descended from. Fortunately, the local commander is more than up to the task of quelling the Gallic temper. [1] A very difficult word to translate. 20th century authors guessed as low as 4 million, with Henige giving a modern range of 4-48 million between authors. [16] Book eight was written after Caesar's death in 44 BC by consul Aulus Hirtius; Hirtius must have written the book before his death in civil war in 43 BC. There was no political struggle over what should happen during the conquest. [6] He relates this particular account to illustrate that, despite the losses against Ambiorix and his army, Rome is still able to trust in the valor of its soldiers. The Gallic wars took a decade to complete, and that decade was full of Caesar’s unremitting work. The unity of strategic-diplomatic conduct and decision-making in Caesar allowed him to pick and choose allies, defend those allies against aggressors, and then incorporate those allies into his new Romanized Gaul. The Latin title, Commentaries on the Gallic War, is often retained in English translations of the book, and the title is also translated to About the Gallic War, Of the Gallic War, On the Gallic War, The Conquest of Gaul, and The Gallic War. Direct Latin 'oratio recta,' where applicible. Devastating great swathes of territory in response to the coalition and the treachery of Ambiorix, Caesar attempts—for a great deal of time—to catch the Belgian rebel. The reader is forced to catch up with Caesar’s thoughts and deeds. The implicit answer is that enjoying the benefits of civilization is not the same thing as carrying the weight of civilization against those who wish to plunder and destroy it. Eae res in G celeriter perferuntur. c. iulius caesar (100 – 44 b.c.) There is no doubt that the Druids offered sacrifices to their god. The second (β) encompasses manuscripts containing all of the related works—not only De Bello Gallico, but De Bello Civili, De Bello Alexandrino, De Bello Africo, and De Bello Hispaniensi, always in that order. Since the work of Karl Nipperdey in 1847, the existing manuscripts have been divided into two classes. [17], Commentary on Gallic wars by Julius Caesar, Prior to its demobilization and subsequent remobilization by, [kɔm.mɛn̪ˈt̪aː.ɾi.iː deː ˈbɛl̠.l̠oː ˈɡal̠.l̠ɪ.koː], "He came, he saw, we counted : the historiography and demography of Caesar's gallic numbers", Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico&oldid=1007936743, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 18:27. Caesar, however, also observes and mentions a civil Druid culture. Beyond Caesar’s deft diplomatic touch, he also had a strong connection with his men. [1] Das Werk stellt die Hauptquelle zu … The Gauls, or Celts, were a massive race that extended across Europe venturing at one point as far as Asia Minor. There is little evidence of him ever taking orders from Rome, regarding either strategic or diplomatic questions. By winning the support of the people, Caesar sought to make himself unassailable from the boni.[2]. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. Still, Pollio attributed this to mistakes by Caesar's lieutenants, or even that Caesar intended to rewrite the text more accurately. Similar to the Greek notion of paideia, a set of virtues necessary for the attainment of political excellence. Παπαδήμα, Αθήνα, σ. The Latin title, literally Commentaries about the Gallic War, is often retained in English translations of the book, and the title is also translated to About the Gallic War, Of the Gallic War, On the Gallic War, The Conquest of Gaul, and The Gallic War. He depicts the Germans as primitive hunter gatherers with diets mostly consisting of meat and dairy products who only celebrate earthly gods such as the sun, fire, and the moon (6.21–22). This was not something unique about Caesar—nearly all great war leaders were able to accomplish great deeds because of friendship and trust between the leader and the men he led. 82. This account of the Druids highlights Caesar's interest in the order and importance of the Druids in Gaul. It is traditionally the first authentic text assigned to students of Latin, as Xenophon's Anabasis is for students of Ancient Greek; they are both autobiographical tales of military adventure told in the third person. Today the term hostage has a different connotation than it did for the Ancient Romans, which is shown in the examples above. When Vercingetorix retires to Alesia, Caesar constructs a circumvallation, and when Gallic reinforcements arrive, a contravallation. So easy was the defense that the Helvetii “felt much sorrow, for they were men who lusted for war.” It was not hard for a nobleman of the Helvetii, Orgetorix, to persuade his people to raze their cities and migrate into Gaul and compete for leadership there (continual pressure from the German tribes undoubtedly contributed to this decision). Of particular note are Caesar's claims that the Romans fought Gaulic forces of up to 430,000 (an impossible army size for the time), and that the Romans suffered no deaths against this incredibly large force. Caesar’s Commentarii de bello Gallico tells the story of how he used them. However, scholars are still uncertain about what they would offer. Caesar marks the conclusion of his Gallic campaigns by an act of uncharacteristic cruelty. Notable chapters describe Gaulish custom (VI, 13), their religion (VI, 17), and a comparison between Gauls and Germanic peoples (VI, 24). First, the Helveti exchange hostages with the Sequani as a promise that the Sequani will let the Helveti pass and that the Helveti will not cause mischief (1.9 and 1.19). Two examples of this is when Caesar demands the children of chieftains (2.5) and accepted the two sons of King Galba (2.13). These being set on fire, those within are encompassed by the flames" (DBG 6.16). Likewise Roman soldiers, although perhaps not as well-educated as Caesar, were men who had lived in the conditions expressly avoided by the Helvetii for fear of losing their endurance and becoming soft. But Henige still believes this number inaccurate. As Caesar tells it, their struggle against the Germans had much to do with the need for the martial virtues. Concerned by a migration of peoples overrunning the territory of allied Gallic tribes, Caesar takes his one legion on hand and constructs a nineteen-mile fence to slow the Helvetii down. But this kind of connection allows for armies to become more like private associations, acting for the sake of the political community only nominally. « Emmerich de Vattel, The Law of Nations (1758) | German women reportedly wear small cloaks of deer hides and bathe in the river naked with their fellow men, yet their culture celebrates men who abstain from sex for as long as possible (6.21). Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis … Even in 1908, Camille Jullian wrote a comprehensive history of Gaul and took Caesar's account as unerring. Arbeitsauftrage, Begleittexte und Stilistik by Elmar Siebenborn and Gaius Iulius Caesar (2013, Trade Paperback) at the best online prices at eBay! Caesar’s Commentarii de bello Gallico tells the story of how he used them. He treated Roman allies generously, especially the Aedui. пре н. е). Such extensive political responsibilities came with the command initially of four legions, probably between 15,000 and 20,000 heavy infantry. The final episode Hirtius relates to us regarding the pacification of Gaul is the obstinate village of Uxellodunum, a holdout against Roman authority. After driving them from their homeland, Caesar offers his, by now familiar, clement friendship to the Bituriges. Please see Wikipedia's template documentation for further citation fields that may be required. De Bello Gallico 6.19 1 Virī, quantās pecuniās ab uxoribus dotis nomine accepērunt, tantās ex suīs bonīs, aestimatione factā, cum dotibus communicant. The Rhine remained a kind of unofficial border between Roman imperium and the barbarism outside it, although both Germans and Romans would cross it from time to time, keeping the other on its toes. Translated by D. McLintock. They return to the camp showered in praise and honors by their fellow soldiers. In De Bello Gallico 6.21–28, Julius Caesar provides his audience with a picture of Germanic lifestyle and culture. KB. The Treveri, who were giving sanctuary to Ambiorix, sought revenge for the death of Indutiomarus by organizing another anti-Roman coalition. Although the Britons initially all band together to face the common threat of the Romans, slowly but surely various Briton tribes end up allying themselves to Rome, much as happened in Gaul. The influence of Caesar through history provides evidence that his contemporaries were more correct than later commentators. Once Caesar proved his strategic skills to his soldiers, they could be confident in his ability to provide for them. The Gauls, or Celts, were a massive race that extended across Europe venturing at one point as far as Asia Minor. This included the druids, who were apparently quite attached to the practice of human sacrifice, which had no place in the Roman Empire. It is fair to say with Hirtius that De bello Gallico was ultimately written for men like Julius Caesar, whenever and wherever they might be, rather than to serve an immediate political purpose. Book VI begins with Caesar replacing his lost men by holding a levy in Gaul. Possession of virtue is due to human choice, and does not automatically flow from rustic living. Caesar is responding to aggression by the Belgae against a Roman ally and by their reported formation of a large anti-Roman coalition. It is also this unity that, perhaps ironically, has been the object lesson in the importance of keeping civil and military authority distinct, and more importantly, the subordination of military authority to civil authority. This is not to say everything Gallic was preserved. I will spend more time laying out the events of Book I to reveal the complex nature of Caesar’s writing and his thoughts in politics. Another reason for Caesar’s success was the combination of military and political control he exercised when conquering Gaul. Caesar defeats Ariovistus, striking fear in the German world. This meant that although there were many Gallic allies, the disposition of these allies to Rome was an extremely changeable thing, depending on who happened to be ruling and in what capacity he ruled. Commentaria de bello Gallico ... [microform] [S.l 1543. Indeed, Caesar’s men nearly mutiny over the prospect of fighting the Germans, who had near a mythical reputation for fighting prowess. During World War I the French composer Vincent d'Indy wrote his Third Symphony, which bears the title De Bello Gallico. Loading Preview. [1] The full work is split into eight sections, Book 1 to Book 8, varying in size from approximately 5,000 to 15,000 words. They were bitter rivals who both sought to achieve the greatest honors "and every year used to contend for promotion with the utmost animosity" [omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant] (DBG 5.44). Before Caesar has a chance to meet the Helvetii in battle, delicate diplomacy is in order to sort out why his allies are not supplying his men with grain. Although Caesar is one of the few primary sources on the druids, many believe that he had used his influence to portray the druids to the Roman people as both barbaric, as they perform human sacrifices, and civilized in order to depict the Druids as a society worth assimilating to Rome (DBG 6.16). "[12] In the 36th book of the Asterix series, Asterix and the Missing Scroll, a fictitious and supposedly censored chapter from Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War forms the basis for the story. Most English editions of Asterix begin with the prelude: "The year is 50 BC. Od. This invites the Eburones, a rebellious Belgic tribe led by the ambitious Ambiorix, to attack the Romans encamped near them, presumably because the Romans were taking a large portion of scarce food. 3 Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit, altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios, tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. commentariorum libri vii de bello gallico cum a. hirti supplemento Caesar begins Book I by discussing the origins of his labors in Gaul, namely the migration of the Helvetii, a confederation of Gallic tribes that lived on the Swiss plateau. This brief vignette reveals that Roman success in battle was not due to superior tactics and techniques, but with a kind of concern for virtue. Main Since Caesar is one of the characters in the Astérix and Obélix albums, René Goscinny included gags for French schoolchildren who had the Commentarii as a textbook, even though Latin was then disappearing from French schools. [5] However, although Caesar provides what is seemingly a first-hand account, much of his knowledge of the Druids is not from personal experience, but rather the hearsay of others and is regarded as anachronistic. The second difficulty has to do with the intersection of strategy and moral responsibility. They, along with many other minor tribes in the area, promptly accept. 2004 Commentarii de Bello Gallico. ("Agamemnon", "Hom. Competing with each other in virtue, each centurion saves the other's lives. [9] His brother, Dumnorix had committed several acts against the Romans because he wanted to become king quod eorum adventu potentia eius deminuta et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus and summam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire (I, 41); thus Caesar was able to make his alliance with Diviciacus even stronger by sparing Dumnorix from punishment while also forcing Diviciacus to control his own brother. Even contemporary authors estimated that the population of the Helvetii and their allies were lower, Livy surmised that there were 157,000 overall. Lauded for its clear and concise prose, Cæsar's De Bello Gallico remains one of the primary authentic texts used in latin instruction. Caesar himself does not show up in Book I until seven paragraphs in, after he has set up the wars in Gaul as a clash between the semi-civilized and the barbaric. Caesar. Meanwhile, Caesar’s resourceful general Labienus deals with a rebellion of the Treveri facing him by having his cavalry assassinate their leader, Indutiomarus. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Later in the book Caesar receives 600 hostages from the Aedui (2.15) and other hostages from most of Gaul (2.35). Great political and military men, at least those who were liberally educated, saw Caesar as the gold standard of leadership and strategy. In this respect, although Caesar was envious of Alexander’s youthful conquests, one could argue that Julius Caesar was more successful in creating a blend between Roman and Gaul than Alexander was in creating a blend between Greek and Persian. This special edition contains: Literal and figurative translations structured by subordinated conjunction Direct Latin 'oratio recta,' where applicible De Bello Gallic‪o‬ ... Latin. De Bello Gallico Original: (la) Sunt item, quae appellantur alces. In De Bello Gallico 6.21–28, Julius Caesar provides his audience with a picture of Germanic lifestyle and culture. Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments. Caesar's account of the Druids and the "superstitions" of the Gallic nations are documented in book six chapters 13, 14 and 16–18 in De Bello Gallico. [15], Ultimately, Henige sees the Commentarii as a very clever piece of propaganda written by Caesar, built to make Caesar appear far grander than he was. It contains many details and employs many stylistic devices to promote Caesar's political interests.[10]. Consisting of seven books by Caesar himself, it is completed in an eighth book by one of his generals, Aulus Hirtius. Today, Vercingetorix is seen in the same light as others who opposed Roman conquest; he is now considered a national hero in France and a model patriot. But the Helvetii were also the farthest away from “culture” (cultu)[1] and “humanity” (humanitate)[2], as well as receiving only the rare visit from merchants, thus limiting their exposure to “those thing which make the soul soft (effeminandos animos).”[3] Later in his work, Caesar again will link this commerce and “humanity” to a decline in the fighting abilities of most Gauls. This episode reveals the difficulties as well as the opportunities faced by Rome in the conquest of Gaul. This order was only possible, of course, due to the work of Caesar and the rise of Christianity. Translated by Peter Needham. Caesar continues his Britannic affairs in Book V and once again deals with the intransigent Gauls. Historian David Henige regards the entire account as clever propaganda meant to boost Caesar's image, and suggests that it is of minimal historical accuracy. Their garrison had come under siege during a rebellion by the tribes of the Belgae led by Ambiorix. Book IV deals with the Suebi, some of the most fearsome Germans. This leads to the surrender of Vercingetorix. He rose to power by keenness of intellect as well as a healthy dose of democratic sympathies that made him one of the most popular politicians in Rome. Patience and the long view are necessary for Caesar-style conquest. Caesar provides a detailed account of the manner in which the supposed human sacrifices occurred in chapter 16, claiming that "they have images of immense size, the limbs of which are framed with twisted twigs and filled with living persons. It is here that Caesar recounts the story of Pullo and Vorenus, two centurions and “real men” (viri, as distinct from the more common homines) who wished to be the most preeminent of all the Romans. Ibi cognoscit de senatusque consulto ceror factus, ut omnes iuniores delectum tota provincia habere instuit. He is so well regarded as a writer that for a time he was probably more known as a master of Latin prose, rather than the man who reshaped Western Civilization. In this incursion, Caesar does not actually confront the Suebi, but forces them to withdraw from their settlements and prepare for battle. Indeed, when one reads De bello Gallico, Caesar’s actions can come across as almost random due to the speed with which he makes decisions and then acts on those decisions.
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