She adopted two girls, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina. [84], On Thursday 22 November 2018, a documentary titled Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening, directed by Ilana Navaro, premiered at the Beirut Art Film Festival. In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Rev. [65], Baker was back on stage at the Olympia in Paris in 1968, in Belgrade and at Carnegie Hall in 1973, and at the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium and at the Gala du Cirque in Paris in 1974. After her recovery (which she continued to fall in and out of), she started touring to entertain British, French, and American soldiers in North Africa. She attended parties and gathered information at the Italian embassy without raising suspicion. [37], Although based in France, Baker supported the Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s. Baker also adopted ten sons, Korean-born Jeannot, Japanese-born Akio, Colombian-born Luis, Finnish-born Jari, French-born Jean-Claude and. She was one of the most popular music-hall entertainers in France and was also known for her work with the French Resistance during World War II. She got her break when she was able to tour Paris, France. [6], Josephine spent her early life at 212 Targee Street (known by some St. Louis residents as Johnson Street) in the Mill Creek Valley neighborhood of St. Louis, a racially mixed low-income neighborhood near Union Station, consisting mainly of rooming houses, brothels, and apartments without indoor plumbing. When Baker was done performing, she settled down in a sixteenth-century chateau she named Les Milandes. Her performance in the revue Un vent de folie in 1927 caused a sensation in the city. "[40][41], In 1952 Baker was hired to crown the Queen of the Cavalcade of Jazz for the famed eighth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on 1 June. Dudziak, Mary. While wearing her Free French uniform emblazoned with her medal of the Légion d'honneur, she introduced the "Negro Women for Civil Rights. Baker Children - Josephine Baker. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri on June 13, 1906. Elle partagera avec Julie la recette d’une des plus célèbres gourmandises américaines, le doughnut : ce dessert était l’un des pêchés-mignons de Joséphine, que sa sœur, excellente pâtissière, lui préparait. )[47]), Baker worked with the NAACP. [12] She took in laundry to wash to make ends meet, and at eight years old, Josephine began working as a live-in domestic for white families in St. "[86][87][88], American-born French dancer, singer, actress, and World War Two spy for the French Resistance, For other people named Josephine Baker, see. Her costume, consisting of only a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties. I just couldn't stand America and I was one of the first colored Americans to move to Paris. Two of Baker’s sons, Jean-Claude and Jarry (Jari), grew up to go into business together, running the restaurant Chez Josephine on Theatre Row, 42nd Street, New York, which celebrates Baker’s life and works. [34] She returned to Europe heartbroken. [29], In 1929, Baker became the first African-American star to visit Yugoslavia, while on tour in Central Europe via the Orient Express. From a base in Morocco, she made tours of Spain. [3] Her reputation as a crusader grew to such an extent that the NAACP had Sunday, 20 May 1951 declared "Josephine Baker Day." She was a largely behind-the-scenes organizer whose career spanned more than five decades. who came to hear her children sing, to tour their home, or to watch her children play. Grace Kelly, not yet an international star, witnesses a racist scene in the restaurant where she is eating. Finding aid to the Josephine Baker collection at Columbia University. [6] Baker's estate identifies vaudeville drummer Eddie Carson as her natural father despite evidence to the contrary. [79], Château des Milandes, a castle near Sarlat in the Dordogne, was Baker's home where she raised her twelve children. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. 1. Josephine Baker is best remembered for dancing topless and wearing a banana skirt. [76] The Piscine Joséphine Baker is a swimming pool along the banks of the Seine in Paris named after her. [6][8][9] Her mother, Carrie, was adopted in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1886 by Richard and Elvira McDonald, both of whom were former slaves of African and Native American descent. In 1953, Josephine Baker adopted 12 children from Finland, Japan, Korea, Columbia, France, Belgium, and Venezuela. Josephine Baker, American-born French dancer and singer who symbolized the beauty and vitality of Black American culture, which took Paris by storm in the 1920s. Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist. After many days of thinking it over, Baker declined, saying her children were "too young to lose their mother. Civil rights and the Black Venus. [31] Baker starred in three films which found success only in Europe: the silent film Siren of the Tropics (1927), Zouzou (1934) and Princesse Tam Tam (1935). [80][81], Baker continued to influence celebrities more than a century after her birth. She specialized in gatherings at embassies and ministries, charming people as she had always done, while gathering information. Jean Cocteau became friendly with her and helped vault her to international stardom. Baker's consistent badgering of a show manager in her hometown led to her being recruited for the St. Louis Chorus vaudeville show. Jean-Claude Baker opened Chez Josephine as a tribute to his adoptive mother. [18], In Baker's teen years she struggled to have a healthy relationship with her mother, who did not want Josephine to become an entertainer, and scolded her for not tending to her second husband, Willie Baker, whom she married in 1921 at the age of 15. At this time, Baker was apart of a chorus line who performed in blackface. [54] In 1925, she began an extramarital relationship with the Belgian novelist Georges Simenon. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. She often took the children with her cross-country, and when they were at Château des Milandes, she arranged tours so visitors could walk the grounds and see how natural and happy the children in "The Rainbow Tribe" were. The engagement was a rousing success and reestablished Baker as one of Paris' preeminent entertainers. When Josephine Baker, or Le Baker, as the French liked to call her, was in Hungary in 1928, a cavalry officer Captain Andrew Czlovoydi and Josephine's manager Count Pepito di Albertini wanted to settle their differences over Le Baker, in a classic showdown. In late February 2017, a new play about Baker's later years, Baker appears as a recruitable secret agent with French citizenship in the 2020 DLC La Resistance for the WWII grand strategy game. Jean-Claude Baker, 60 is the only one that was doing music at one point. She was in a coma after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald on June 3, 1906. The ensuing publicity resulted in the termination of Baker's work visa, forcing her to cancel all her engagements and return to France. She still continued to captivate audiences of all ages. In her later career, Baker faced financial troubles. It appears in album "Last days of the century" from 1988. Josephine Baker adopted 12 children from Finland, Japan, Korea, Columbia, France, Belgium, and Venezuela. [82], Writing on the 110th anniversary of her birth, Vogue described how her 1926 "danse sauvage" in her famous banana skirt "brilliantly manipulated the white male imagination" and "radically redefined notions of race and gender through style and performance in a way that continues to echo throughout fashion and music today, from Prada to Beyoncé. It contains rarely seen archival footage, including some never before discovered, with music and narration. Baker's children have different perspectives on her as a mother. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&oldid=1007796862, Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France), Female resistance members of World War II, French-language singers of the United States, French people of African-American descent, Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Baker appears in her role as a member of the French Resistance in, The Italian-Belgian francophone singer composer. Josephine Baker was so much more than a performer. Her career could not support the large family she created so Baker and her children moved to Monaco. A character based on Baker (topless, wearing the famous "banana skirt") appears in the opening sequence of the 2003 animated film, Her influence upon and assistance with the careers of husband and wife dancers, Baker was heavily featured in the 2012 book, In February 2017, Tiffany Daniels portrayed Baker in the. "[5], Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. "[83], On 3 June 2017, the 111th anniversary of her birth, Google released an animated Google Doodle, which consists of a slideshow chronicling her life and achievements. She was the first Black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the … She married French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon in 1947, and their union also ended in divorce but lasted 14 years. [37], After the war, Baker received the Croix de guerre and the Rosette de la Résistance. ", "Exploring the France That Josephine Baker Loved", "Spend a day with Josephine Baker in her beloved château", "90 Years Later, the Radical Power of Josephine Baker's Banana Skirt", "Google Doodle Honors Jazz Age Icon & Civil Rights Activist Josephine Baker", "Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening", "Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today", "Tributes in Bronze: 8 More LGBT Heroes Join S.F. 2. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, MO, in 1906 to Carrie McDonald, a laundress, and Eddie Carson, a musician. [54], During her time in the Harlem Renaissance arts community, one of her relationships was with Blues singer Clara Smith. The secret died with Carrie, who refused to the end to talk about it. Bolstered by recognition of her wartime heroics, Baker the performer assumed a new gravitas, unafraid to take on serious music or subject matter. She also raised them as different religions to further her model for the world, taking two children from Algeria and raising one Muslim and the other Catholic. When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, Baker initially supported the move. In the book, he discusses at length the circumstances surrounding Baker's birth: The records of the city of St. Louis tell an almost unbelievable story. [38] As an entertainer, Baker had an excuse for moving around Europe, visiting neutral nations such as Portugal, as well as some in South America. [44][45] Actress Grace Kelly, who was at the club at the time, rushed over to Baker, took her by the arm and stormed out with her entire party, vowing never to return (although she returned on 3 January 1956 with Prince Rainier of Monaco). [34][35] Time magazine referred to her as a "Negro wench ... whose dancing and singing might be topped anywhere outside of Paris", while other critics said her voice was "too thin" and "dwarf-like" to fill the Winter Garden Theatre. [62][63] For some time, Baker lived with her children and an enormous staff in the château in Dordogne, France, with her fourth husband, Jo Bouillon. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. [37], In 1951, Baker made charges of racism against Sherman Billingsley's Stork Club in Manhattan, where she had been refused service. [55] In 1937, Baker married Frenchman Jean Lion. The cheetah frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding another element of excitement to the show. "[50] Rosa Parks and Daisy Bates were among those she acknowledged, and both gave brief speeches. "[82] Beyoncé performed Baker's banana dance at the Fashion Rocks concert at Radio City Music Hall in September 2006. She was the first Black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the Tropics, directed by Mario Nalpas and Henri Étiévant.[1]. During her early career, Baker was renowned as a dancer, and was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris. The revue, financed notably by Prince Rainier, Princess Grace, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, opened to rave reviews. Especially for a black woman (of that time) who would customarily have had her baby at home with the help of a midwife? [58], During Baker's work with the Civil Rights Movement, she began adopting children, forming a family she often referred to as "The Rainbow Tribe." Caravantes, Peggy. [78] Two of Baker's sons, Jean-Claude and Jarry (Jari), grew up to go into business together, running the restaurant Chez Josephine on Theatre Row, 42nd Street, New York City. [66], Four days later, Baker was found lying peacefully in her bed surrounded by newspapers with glowing reviews of her performance. The honor she was paid spurred her to further her crusading efforts with the "Save Willie McGee" rally. Louis. She was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle. [30], During her travels in Yugoslavia, Baker was accompanied by "Count" Giuseppe Pepito Abatino. Baker, Jean-Claude, & Chris Chase (1995). She also devoted much of her life to fighting racism. Noël, Israeli-born Moïse, Algerian-born Brahim, Ivorian-born Koffi, and Venezuelan-born Mara. And much more. settled down in a sixteenth-century chateau she named Les Milandes. [48] As the decorated war hero who was bolstered by the racial equality she experienced in Europe, Baker became increasingly regarded as controversial; some Black people even began to shun her, fearing that her outspokenness and racy reputation from her earlier years would hurt the cause.[37]. She adopted two girls, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina. Advancing years and exhaustion began to take their toll; she sometimes had trouble remembering lyrics, and her speeches between songs tended to ramble. History Josephine Baker’s Rainbow Tribe To prove that racial harmony was possible, the dancer adopted 12 children from around … She first danced for the public on the streets of St. Louis for nickels and dimes. Baker was not accepting to everyone like most people believed. It was at the Old Chauffeur's Club where Josephine met Willie Wells, and subsequently married him at age 13; however, the marriage lasted less than a year. [3] (The club eventually met her demands). On 8 April 1975, Baker starred in a retrospective revue at the Bobino in Paris, Joséphine à Bobino 1975, celebrating her 50 years in show business. Josephine Baker, born into poverty in Missouri in 1906, moved to France where she became a dancer hailed as the Queen of Paris, joined the French Resistance, and became a … She let people think Eddie Carson was the father, and Carson played along, (but) Josephine knew better. Letters from the first months of 1972 involve arrangements for the Janeses to host Baker's daughters Marianne and Stellina and Josephine's niece Rama Wallace for the summer. She has also been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame,[73] and on 29 March 1995, into the Hall of Famous Missourians. Culture Josephine Baker: Erotic dancer, spy and civil rights activist . She also began traveling into the South. Freda Josephine McDonald was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She pinned notes with the information she gathered inside her underwear (counting on her celebrity to avoid a strip search). She was presented with life membership with the NAACP by Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Ralph Bunche. After a successful tour of Europe, she broke her contract and returned to France in 1926 to star at the Folies Bergère, setting the standard for her future acts. [36] They were married in the French town of Crèvecœur-le-Grand, in a wedding presided over by the mayor, Jammy Schmidt. The infection spread and she developed peritonitis and then sepsis. Died: January 15, 2015, Parents: Josephine Baker 2. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. [30] At the start of her career in France, Baker had Abatino, a Sicilian former stonemason who passed himself off as a count, and who persuaded her to let him manage her. Baker was a celebrated artist, especially in Europe, and an activist to whom Coretta Scott King offered the unofficial leadership in the movement that was taking place in the U.S. following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Photo by Rudolf Suroch of Josephine Baker. [48] Baker attended rallies for McGee and wrote letters to Fielding Wright, the governor of Mississippi, asking him to spare McGee's life. They show that (Baker's mother) Carrie McDonald ... was admitted to the (exclusively white) Female Hospital on May 3, 1906, diagnosed as pregnant. Her adopted children were: Akio (Korean son), Janot (Japanese son), Luis (Colombian son), Jarry (Finnish son), Jean-Claude (Canadian son), Moise (French Jewish son; pronounced moh- EEZ, French for Moses ), Brahim (Algerian son), Marianne (French daughter), Koffi (Cote d'Ivoirean--or Ivory Coast, Africa-- son), Mara (Venezuelan son), Noel … Baker raised two daughters, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina, and 10 sons, Korean-born Jeannot (or Janot), Japanese-born Akio, Colombian-born Luis, Finnish-born Jari (now Jarry), French-born Jean-Claude and Noël, Israeli-born Moïse, Algerian-born Brahim, Ivorian-born Koffi, and Venezuelan-born Mara. They allowed no civilians and charged no admission. In 1968, Baker visited Yugoslavia and made appearances in Belgrade and in Skopje. [37], The following year, she appeared in a Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium, and then at the Monacan Red Cross Gala, celebrating her 50 years in French show business. In Zagreb, she was received by adoring fans at the train station. She commented, "Nobody wants me, they've forgotten me;" but family members encouraged her to continue performing. And they got to know Miss Baker as well. [14] By age 12, she had dropped out of school. This visit in July and August of that year was disastrous. It is open to the public and displays her stage outfits including her banana skirt (of which there are apparently several). Also featured to perform that day were Roy Brown and His Mighty Men, Anna Mae Winburn and Her Sweethearts, Toni Harper, Louis Jordan, Jimmy Witherspoon and Jerry Wallace. She starred in Fausse Alerte in 1940. "No, I didn't get my first break on Broadway. Baker wanted to prove that "children of different ethnicities and religions could still be brothers." When she arrived in New York with her husband Jo, they were refused reservations at 36 hotels because of racial discrimination. [51] Not everyone involved wanted Baker present at the March; some thought her time overseas had made her a woman of France, one who was disconnected from the Civil Rights issues going on in America. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.[6][7]. Josephine Baker (III). Baker was billed at the time as "the highest-paid chorus girl in vaudeville. "[33], Despite her popularity in France, Baker never attained the equivalent reputation in America. But I could not walk into a hotel in America and get a cup of coffee, and that made me mad. [10] Baker's foster son Jean-Claude Baker wrote a biography, published in 1993, titled Josephine: The Hungry Heart. The two could not marry because Baker was still married to her second husband, Willie Baker. The opening night audience included Sophia Loren, Mick Jagger, Shirley Bassey, Diana Ross, and Liza Minnelli. “The Official Site of Josephine Baker.” Accessed March 20, 2017. In 2015 she was inducted into the Legacy Walk in Chicago, Illinois. In Belgrade, she performed at Luxor Balkanska, the most luxurious venue in the city at the time. Her banana-skirt dance made Josephine Baker famous. demonstrated Baker's belief in the possibility of equality and showed children of all skin colors, nations, and religions living together in harmony. She died on April 12, 1975 in Paris, Île-de-France France at 68 years of age. He's the only one who Baker never legally adopted. In 1951 Baker was invited back to the United States for a nightclub engagement in Miami. Rave reviews and enthusiastic audiences accompanied her everywhere, climaxed by a parade in front of 100,000 people in Harlem in honor of her new title: NAACP's "Woman of the Year. Havana, Cuba. [85], In August 2019, Baker was one of the honorees inducted in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields. While she had four marriages to men, Jean-Claude Baker writes that Josephine also had several relationships with women. "[27][28] The author spent hours talking with her in Paris bars. She was best known for the Jungle dance which she performed naked apart from a skirt of rubber bananas about her waist. "Josephine Baker to Crown Queen" Headliner Los Angeles Sentinel 22 May 1952. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDittmer1994 (, Jack Hockett - Josephine Baker correspondence, etc., (dated 1967-1976) part of the Henry Hurford Janes – Josephine Baker Collection at Yale University Archives, Box: 2, Folder: 78, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Special, Josephine, a burlesque cabaret dream play, "Collective Mental State and Individual Agency: Qualitative Factors in Social Science Explanation", "Josephine Baker: The life of an artist and activist", "Josephine Baker (Freda McDonald) Native of St. Louis, Missouri", "When Frida Kahlo Set Her Eyes on Josephine Baker", "From the archive, 26 August 1974: An interview with Josephine Baker", "Josephine Baker: The First Black Super Star", "Female Spies in World War I and World War II", "Review of Josephine Baker: A Centenary Tribute", "Josephine Baker hero | Heroes: What They Do & Why We Need Them", "Firestorm Incident At The Stork Club, 1951", "Stork Club Refused to Serve Her, Josephine Baker Claims", "Stork Club Special Delivery Exhibit at the New York Historical Society recalls a glamour gone with the wind", "Profiles in Courage for Black History Month", "March on Washington had one female speaker: Josephine Baker", "(1963) Josephine Baker, "Speech at the March on Washington" | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed", "Would the perfect family contain a child from every race? Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. by 1936 Josephine Baker was one of the highest paid performers in the world. New York, United States.1951. In a 2003 interview with USA Today, Angelina Jolie cited Baker as "a model for the multiracial, multinational family she was beginning to create through adoption. Her success coincided (1925) with the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs, which gave birth to the term "Art Deco", and also with a renewal of interest in non-Western forms of art, including African. In New York City and the South, she worked alongside some of the most noted civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Her early life hinted at her future career. Josephine Baker. Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald, naturalised French Joséphine Baker; 3 June 1906 – 12 April 1975) was an American-born French entertainer, French Resistance agent, and civil rights activist. The stated reason was Baker's health (since she was recovering from another case of pneumonia) but the real reason was to continue helping the Resistance. At the age of 15, she headed to New York City during the Harlem Renaissance, performing at the Plantation Club, Florence Mills' old stomping ground, and in the chorus lines of the groundbreaking and hugely successful Broadway revues Shuffle Along (1921)[21] with Adelaide Hall[22] and The Chocolate Dandies (1924). She carried information for transmission to England, about airfields, harbors, and German troop concentrations in the West of France. [56][57] Baker was also involved in sexual liaisons, if not relationships, with Ada "Bricktop" Smith, French novelist Colette, and possibly Frida Kahlo. [24][25], In a 1974 interview with The Guardian, Baker explained that she obtained her first big break in the bustling city. Baker returned to Paris in 1937, married the French industrialist Jean Lion, and became a French citizen. 1907 wurde ihr Bruder Richard geboren, und der Vater verließ im gleichen Jahr die … [6] Josephine was poorly dressed and hungry as a child, and developed street smarts playing in the railroad yards of Union Station. Josephine Baker was born on June 3, 1906 in St. Louis, Missouri.
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